Surface finishes are often applied to plain steel fasteners to improve corrosion resistance. There are dozens of different coatings to choose from, each with different properties and costs. For the purposes of this article, we will present a basic introduction to four types of finishes that our customers specify to us far and away more than any others. All of these finishes are good options and do the job they were designed to perform. The following list is ordered from our highest to lowest volume:

  1. Zinc Phosphate & Oil Coating (Phos & Oil)
  2. Zinc Electroplate (Zinc)
  3. Cadmium Electroplate (Cad)
  4. Zinc Non-Electrolytically Applied Coating (Zinc Flake)

These finishes have different costs and corrosion resistance. As always, cost is influenced by volume, so the relative costs given in this article represent our experience over the last year but will vary. Corrosion resistance is measured using a standard neutral salt spray test (NSS), such as ASTM B117 or ISO 9227. Parts are exposed to a salt spray inside of a test chamber for a specified test time in hours. The parts are then visually examined for the appearance of corrosion. If parts are free from corrosion after the specified test time, the parts are said to have passed the test. Higher hours specify higher corrosion resistance. For our four finishes, we have presented the relative costs along with the specified minimum hours of corrosion resistance in table 1.

Table showing Relative Cost and Salt Spray Requirements of some common surface coatings

Table 1 – Comparison of Common Surface Coatings

Let’s take a look at the properties and benefits of each of these finishes. There are multiple standards and OEM specifications for each type of finish. We will reference the ones that our customers most often require.

Zinc Phosphate & Oil Coating (Phos & Oil)

Example of a Test Bolt with Phos & Oil Coating

Zinc phosphate and oil is a liquid bath chemical conversion process followed by the application of protective oil. The coating is thin and black. This is the lowest cost finish option of the finishes we are examining. This coating provides corrosion protection suitable for handling, packing, storage, and general use in everyday dry ambient conditions. 82% of the specifications we receive from customers are one of the following specs:

Table showing Salt Spray Requirements of common phos and oil specifications

Table 2 – Common Phos & Oil Specifications

Phosphate and oil coatings slightly increase the lubricity compared to plain steel parts. In general, there is no coefficient of friction (COF) requirement. GMW3179 does have a topcoat with friction control option with a COF of 0.13 ±0.03. See our article on torque-tension testing for details on COF.

Phos & oil parts have a very low risk for hydrogen embrittlement. Hardened parts must be processed per the above specifications to detect and eliminate hydrogen. I have been with our company over 40 years, and I have never seen any hydrogen embrittlement in our phos & oil coated products. Hydrogen embrittlement can be more of an issue with other types of finishes, as we’ll see below.

Zinc Electroplate (Zinc)

Example of a Screw with Zinc Electroplate finish

Zinc electroplate is the cathodic deposition of metallic zinc onto the steel fastener surface from an ionic water solution driven by the application of electrical current. The basic finish is gray in color. The color can be changed by the application of chromate coatings or passivation methods. Many colors are available. Zinc electroplate is versatile. You can apply a range of zinc thicknesses on parts that increase the corrosion resistance. Thinner coatings are suitable for dry indoor conditions, thicker layers for wet outdoor and saline exposure.

As you can see in Table 1, zinc costs twice as much as phos & oil, but it provides more corrosion protection. 62% of the zinc specifications we get from customers, the most by a wide margin, are ASTM B633-19. The exact call out is ASTM B633 type II SC2 with yellow dichromate, shown in the picture above. SC2 is the moderate thickness class 8 µm (0.0003″). Let’s compare this specification to others with the same thickness for corrosion resistance.

Table showing Salt Spray Requirements of common zinc electroplate specifications

Table 3 – Common Zinc Electroplate Specifications

Zinc electroplate has a moderately rough surface, which decreases the lubricity compared to plain steel parts. Historically, zinc specifications have not had requirements for lubricity. The companies that make chemicals for zinc electroplate have developed sealers and lubricants that improve lubricity and corrosion resistance. A good example is the OEM specification for the Ford S437 zinc finish. The NSS requirement is 384 hours and the COF is 0.15.

One potential downside to electroplated zinc is hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen is produced at the surface of steel during the electroplating process. Hydrogen can penetrate into the steel and cause embrittlement in hardened high-strength parts. Plating specifications account for this possibility by including post-electroplating baking procedures which decrease the amount of hydrogen in the steel. These baking requirements can be as long as 24 hours or more, depending on the plating thickness. For more information on baking requirements, we recommend checking out ASTM B850 Table 1.

Cadmium Electroplate (Cad)

Example of a Cadmium Plated Wheel Stud

Cadmium electroplate is produced using the same process as zinc, described above. The basic finish is gray. The color can be changed by the application of chromate coatings. Cad used to be specified extensively on commercial and military fasteners. However, in recent years, cad has been virtually eliminated from commercial products because of toxicity. It also has been eliminated from new design for military parts. The only cad specification we continue to get from customers is AMS QQ-P-416. The exact call out is AMS-QQ-P-416 Type II CL2 (0.0003) with yellow dichromate, shown above. Let’s look at the corrosion resistance for (0.0003″) thickness parts.

Table showing Salt Spray Requirements of common cadmium electroplate specifications

Table 4 – Common Cadmium Electroplate Specifications

Cad electroplate has a smooth surface that increases the lubricity compared to plain steel parts. There is no COF requirement in the two above specifications. Cad parts coated to AMS QQ-P-416 torque more consistently than zinc parts coated per the above ASTM B633.

High-strength hardened cad-electroplated parts must also, like zinc, be baked after plating to reduce the risk of hydrogen embrittlement.

Cad pricing used to be competitive with that of zinc electroplating. However, the relative rarity of cad usage has caused many plating applicators to stop offering cad plating. As a result, the price of cad has increased to more than four times that of zinc.

Zinc Non-Electrolytically Applied Coating (Zinc Flake)

Example of a Screw Coated with Black Zinc Flake

Example of a Screw Coated with Gray Zinc Flake

 

Zinc flake is a coating that is non-electrolytically applied to the surface of a fastener. Parts are dipped into a zinc-rich liquid, removed, spun to remove excess coating, and cured using heat. This process produces a zinc flake base coat that is gray in color. Various topcoats can be added that contain lubricants or pigments for color (typically black), if desired. A good general reference for zinc flake coating is ISO 10683:2018.

As you can see below in Table 5, zinc flake coatings provide very good corrosion resistance. This high level of corrosion resistance is necessary for parts designed to be used in harsh environments. For our company, the cost of zinc flake is on the high end, twelve times as much as the cost for phos & oil. However, it must be noted that our volume for zinc flake is much lower than our volume for phos & oil, and this low volume will result in a higher price. Over 90% of the zinc flake specifications we get from customers are US Army/TACOM 12424710 Method 4 black (above, top) and GMW3359 Code A gray (above, bottom). Both specifications have a thickness class of 12 µm (0.0005″).

Table showing Salt Spray Requirements of common Zinc Flake specifications

Table 5 – Common Zinc Flake Specifications

Lubricants are commonly applied to zinc flake to increase lubricity. TACOM 12424710 has a COF requirement of 0.13 ±0.03 using the ISO 16047 test method. GMW3359 requires a COF determination per ISO 16047 in the part approval process.

Because it is not applied using the electroplating method, zinc flake coated fasteners have no risk for hydrogen embrittlement, always a good thing.

This concludes our short discussion on fastener coatings. We tried to provide a basic lay of the land. To learn more about other coating properties, along with dimensional and gauging requirements, check out the standards referenced in this article.

As always, thanks for reading.

Further Reading

In addition to information on common fastener coatings, we’ve got plenty of other articles covering fastener basics. Here’s a sampling.
What is Torque-Tension Testing?
Bolt & Screw Head Markings and What They Mean
The Difference Between ISO and IATF Certifications
Cold Heading Vs Hot Forging Vs Machining
Or, check out our full list of articles.